Nicotine, a compound normally based in the plants of the Solanaceae family, can be an alkaloid and it is found accumulated inside the leaves of these plants, the biosynthesis of this chemical happens in the roots of the plants. Nicotine is among the major pieces of addictive plants like tobacco (0.6%-3.0%) and it is the grounds behind their addiction in humans because of its psychoactive nature.
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1. Etymology
The name nicotine arises from the scientific name of the tobacco plant Nicotiana tabacum. The scientific name of the tobacco plant is itself named the French ambassador to Portugal Jean Nicot de Villemain. Villeman is credited for sending tobacco seeds and plant saplings to Paris in 1560 for its used in medicinal purposes.
2. Extraction
Nicotine was extracted from the tobacco plant by German physician Dr. Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and chemist Karl Ludwig Reimann in 1828. After its discovery Posselt and Reimann labelled it as a poison. The truth is nicotine can be an antiherbivore chemical, which in turn causes addiction when consumed in control (1mg or less) and death if taken in high amounts (30mg-60mg).
3. Chemistry
Nicotine can be an alkaloid with the chemical formula C10H14N2. Its IUPAC name is 3[2,5-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]pyridine. It has a molecular mass of 162.12g/mol. Nicotine can be a hygroscopic liquid which can be miscible with water being a nitrogenous base. Its density is 1.01g/cm3, melting point -79oC and boiling point 247oC. The nicotine molecule has a half duration of 2 hours and it is metabolism is hepatic. Nicotine is also optically active and it has two enantiomeric forms.
4. Nicotine just as one insecticide
As already said nicotine can be an antiherbivore drug which if taken in huge amounts is fatal your forms. This is why nicotine laden tobacco has been used just as one insecticide could the planet War II. But following your WWII its usage drastically lowered due to option of cheap synthetic insecticides that are more easily obtainable than tobacco and fewer harmful to mammals. In the recent times the hype surrounding organic farming has again increased a persons vision of the farmers inside the utilization of tobacco being a pesticide just as one alternate to chemical pesticides.
5. Nicotine addiction
Our central nervous system has certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nicotine binds to many of these and enhances the amount of several neurotransmitters. Among these neurotransmitters dopamine is but one such neurotransmitter which can be significantly increased during nicotine use and it is responsible for the experience of euphoria and relaxation caused by the application of tobacco (nicotine) products.
6. Psychoactive outcomes of nicotine
Nicotine can be a psychoactive substance as it is mood altering. It causes both euphoria and relaxation. In your body nicotine is metabolised inside the liver. First after its metabolism nicotine ends in the making of glucose from your liver and epinephrine from your adrenal medulla. This sudden release of glucose and epinephrine causes euphoria following your use of nicotine. After the initial euphoria nicotine brings about relaxation, increased alertness and sharpness by taking care of different neurotransmitters of the body. Nicotine even offers pain relieving properties.
7. Unwanted side effects of nicotine intake
Tough it appears as though nicotine is a wonderful substance to improve one’s sharpness, induce calmness and elevate one’s mood there are other negative aspects of nicotine intake than positive. Among these the most frequent side effects of nicotine intake are an increased probability of hypertension and strokes. It is sad that every cigarette which a man smokes reduces his life span by 14 years. Moreover since nicotine has been discovered to modify the working of Estrogen on hippocampus, hence over time nicotine users are given to amnesia and other related diseases.
8. Toxicity
Nicotine is regarded as more toxic than most frequent drugs like heroin and cocaine. More harm is performed by nicotine towards the body system because it’s readily absorbed through the bloodstream and reaches your brain with the lungs within 7 seconds of the intake either orally or as the nicotine patch.
9. Usage of nicotine in medical science
Though nicotine is not an doctor’s companion, it really is though not his worst foe. Nicotine famous for its pain relieving properties has been researched upon to be used being a potential pain killer minus its nasty effects. Nicotine has been found to scale back preeclampsia, allergic asthma; amongst others by serving as an anti-inflammatory agent.
10. Nicotine in literature
Nicotine has become personified in popular literature as Nick O’ Teen, a humanoid villainous character in Superman comics which has been created as an element of anti-nicotine drive to train children about the ill-effects of nicotine intake of any type.
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